ࡱ> za߿ߝXo( UUUUzag\Oy Ek( DDn:f[G dPNG  IHDR+6pTIsRGB pHYs+eIDATx^l^Erɽ֦ 8"syݳ8 m f#fGxhƁ{n% ݚu+phIh p#uFHlbk{#"%Z[7YZ"WB?o*'s=?9^SO}STնM/E@PE q,5CE@PEC@-E@PtP "(Z "( (5WE@P@ZE@PA@-P:k"(j("+R\3)ɥٖVtbIW*͝OVUPԈ>PH ^J"RJYy%B灒@9<ѐ X:I@n꥾T5RVE:dZIt(B} O}9@@(ATBX XE ht(~mry N>PP(e^cD JP(jDCS($`<J"RJY<h $@ uEhH~ '{ӿ=K- fΰ%;oB$߸P|*~SpN0tAj灤J}('^=Aezw*&x9̝ D[4O?[t4u>tLA4&_$R놟ʡ,TY677*h|ooE՟nxFէkh%k^{ͷy"OG#'F LjBH ˰!^R:7a!9#ԁBYKpY9#֫R1ߖ ^(Ks%ע\Xx $/Q-uNtzyI[BaDjXg9P]}':5g7Ȁ+kM%t`cۦʒ~CR}޾k;9 atS|' g)ߚc/0X5?^j|OO8cHD>jtv=ʘRWOT|:~?}m4Xݾlyƪms] )3 \ls^{: 8ks@bM*Js8PrdtCZ_~cqXSE2Q% #K_WR4YͫH%)oZG|T(ˁtUsǛ,W6^2wuuU}W{筝ϋfּ=LlϵKk{e{26[Om6yZBWeg 6sEtM1s'L1\RdxbR$^GA'S(%GQWS'yi a@2Ȇ!}yND~fJP-Mep_F&O+lJ ƍ+ OR;u@@0^ Ťz' JC f[ OF#@]P ODD|BA飜?@؆պGxK3dzhކhSٚbǔᰣPy_d%u|O渗!ɩIye(I+g}87$Z22?) :e΃i<7{fL)̒~1{>|͍ /"M7jIŴM* OL!{@RU ѱ7ln>=w0Ik7_gd|9H^#P0LeSۅKZ꾫D3p"\cI]2`ş_-3U^[uc241y[+AacVU"y2NDZIKIbhQft?U[ULU]ڰpLw_8/^z0Ԭ(=76NO>@Cze|dMG ZJ){.j:/-6?,M<m1>f1Y9 k :(,˽\fjzzm3ލTA{`} D2QdB}`WF{'64#4at꺿E=9 njmy:~A3XYxZ\}%ʈފRW|.|)^ķF⩾F,91@d"gW:Yb‡l oaZ7+KJѬa05~ mn=aе׃T_:I#s K[ڸ!oԸ_U{ XMDB uٵ} ]oq%"Ԋj1XecU ;W$Xjc`1U;uAՑ-Ru%]]@a]CRTooߜYFu"6fvxRKCύfC/U:*L 輨H:|hQtx30Ox> $Z$3IXAfe O ̓Td "3P7JG} <Õ!{{~\>Q(4"`<\5S鞗(c `Ōןm5+4ކz7 &T$ MGkeͮBM @a}h>(Ѭ{"}#4 YKdLTM:W7*a@~/JYFaYDEeJ뎮&{9 珯 C-.,f+WrsBcx(m_\)(fɋa~[IJily,IGL.l3&Lܰ7y=PDB4Z쓃\"%}jUPFQ(ן '[`ℏ7ux腈^B+i~%97`Bo@p3|HU; p" PYgf (mrIe>ZqQ(΀UKrG/&ల[)t݌P.YXH+"Ű"*xihdDY4ύjL,5@3Dc7SܤM~=Pn MU 1/ #Yװtu,Pp?޺7i.K<F JƩk;a%4W)KdnH5PJџu$〯w'HO/xpeI;pUqԾ>(iDjUEE/ı]mg۶m㯏{Ge~QP:VrH$v8b?{b[\_|;5 ňzi`8}/GTk,jDd^xGCfW/þ!t׫Ϯ^8xT-0u UGrNF:90'@);nMgOViIzcRzqG#"yrMY@:%SE@3n_\0ÊCrnwoe  lnl&ʳveVi0jE@PD >T"( H"(@:JwUPE@-E@PtȹZz0}?ҨwL!`SG>"j#aL"DƢzϨXm\S7ۻyB!N ܼy'BJx7$s* ;{:DJDE!QZ_[S7yX߳&jn}WwUvBF7*-$!K"immuj:<-`"Z=ԻS蛑 6/a@d/Gپ V˰$C|{!\B^K*~Y'Ϗ>s?/,]`Đ| 7aU9Ʌ>[BB6n"/Jtc!ߜPBcF&sJG̸MUGDeV^C9rl mQ@~?xr5΂9hw,ֿ]g2ܯW_K8ϰ=s.86oTVY'C?SAzyUr ?e4ro6//$n-IbEƢza;:J}#黷۷l{Hz yxSѼzǿz3mÎSf{=E5ޘwƖ/y͹tE{ʖuᇞ"@tā`&fi xA/A ~>LQ2>_۴" :8CW6*nfxӻo [q%孔Vُ<~Q^C;xF c&;TH&%pOEB?Ľ|kACsS2B38c_2Տ1`8R }9U/z#C]*=J!DBOW*PPA pG/,WDeTA'5>3-P\c!L O0 ?|ē97ђ#K9ZF8CBBbބTb|2L(JkE@h|pS„#ʚbE@>ja&ޘKf{y,i6""s buw^2v LwI1 IlwK-&hh(~]\[[SDj8՞&ٕX8v vYaÊv 0ˢ'́:<ͮ<==3lVh+f^0k|bb.ۜ[ \]toagqv؁o49aK^KB@FD[Ժ̻i}€:hLJDTdXF-lv-HV)8qW@Pz !nxln fʿӯe,'p" ]cٸc??Fй1?0 xSSJT'`ukW.YƊhO]cvfO<6ũ5`J Rr@N,@EqwV.χ,Cje>PJQ@ȉR(ֺ8ʘ;H}X)"К`UAHSTarP)Eb݉i^!;&T4Mu@™efIk3iU(qg>Pc\@D4" m:)WBʢ*ebb,'uf9dYʄʉ#h/:>P[[D<6d$ω#h/J>P[[D<6d$ω#h/J>P[[D<6d$ω#h/J>P»Oyt,x%Ŵswg^csb,㋳ 'ޞXX+& Ͱ{7[IsbJL}`8)"к`VAHSTa">Ȼzޝtq^*R ?3 2VIh@N,@ 5'L0Ennx<`PH>_QhX sZ__?ؑG_=Ʃn#M2HΙ]85NůXz 4Ir|sbj*D!Zc$NOgn͞gʰ]j%l9=>8#ϏX LTS?s81Oh~#s~+'_,3Bp~W<~vnWWS_XOf0!:p'$u?H))Br,m|: Wt׾&rC##yqU% ~高jŔ{lj{k!υʓséwn' 165}v] )ܔ_$I]U ?$x$b|1'w7';Kv*JI(5n#o}MS&FCl03Cb/Hu* [3V+YF!B](^1!`7ΉR1D B-ЗW Uf #] > %fTfJUk5 ==DrJ.^#ó*pu(ۆmAmj9ڡ'5I߹瘭^..җKwvW 7 E`j}<qJDŽ>SžzbI3R==T9. e1Vcq8+`p eW=$_Sɟ4a^?Cbp |r7brrʠ\UUchqaq*.ԨFgo ^mme5u/*׬dʿcǎR)W}9藩H@ =?.1H0d`Jp$1Cc?3ekiχ84n9= # dx@wjP2lR,b 4C8/FȗTcJ/t'* D"'0WD)qV0E0 " -f:#_( HAK#  -+#_>Ln Kj22826lL?I§ ?wEl&?T"CG)#(~5E ]+۬#ٯQ<+׈ɊZD͖Y#@MXM@:0G8J'48X4KpdUw&M (3\ڴ1Jʫ9 Asn`ե?-5<Ƣz $ȯm\Τ9cao^ #VWLTD},ի>FAPb}. rUV/ÚbPhGE͜y5@S\.i&[b`z~|Z5UU%\\=lgku)݂ʷqE* }(Jp Ed( WP}}lw’(xJEd|Juӏ+8duy|l'؏ ^%j@-0 GD|䟬nL~R91 i9v-.UuD |$P#zUKy!@ %}U#,7cJ짞Ŝ@|*(+;J6KwmR zP7cʮ`fpdΧfœ[!rZ;U%fR 8j2@WQy3v@r@h"rNTBbZ W4?9rTvތ]*G!P\A ۙ;3\ȡ>jfR9 Ab$ݙ4c:qoii)g_hա7cQ2&j^w&͹U4J FڵTdA=*RҌ@)([a,>'B\Ѿ[JQ(%ek"R5EA@} (J}4>PJ7֮Eإj$@APrFn)iF}o]KH}" wL9d;o.dL;tgҌLe;?=9-ͩ fjdR =10 1o@ 1PxP(\oݷF]ڴ33;ш6b}wwϥmDܲc/@ClA>;ǽޝ~fxE)˽3H5sv?7E;;shNza=xa ,rHUTД!' g/ >[ON44kWJT*<x+%{Jd.v\'^=lW7a;}f;^@8vLx\8UN̓k$7׾s/s缛OW<s&GnVW99i) C%m}ᑐ W/ FBCYi C6omr\ id&)\̹v~nH; Y^} G5D19|)8_#߈KS&ߛ컿V[,z;s{KN?Uv6rgp]4FBTM맼b ;DrRB#P/]`d~ ;:ښꋅ7|d2+9(&3g@Wc '}R'Ӽvim1q;_h1IP< DX0VU0Vp#o }g{%u+e~( (m\ӝI (z|"4xV/+ne!(&oÇU+C}xKޗ:m?/pG@3m~ _ H@[ UV O{"Tdv=>'-N^Z|&o68𯃑TقqLpe@0tpD`ݞS^U]0e,߅lz)2*?(4!V"B1uo3&SJ ed4zo<$`A׿]'ɑ8%|3|1 8b2I@la+ r!93C"Ꮓ2~n"ɽYUjeZ,Yy(|8VV]9 S3J7 4b'{Sp15V+$!41L ch0oĕylˠyDqk%|zׂz 'M.8/FN:xS-93+ yenBkYɿl+_5s.it"Ou_Ԗ ǽxKμ?#za0m_a_?PDȹ"G]wU=!2BھfO S>;8>bMPoe(HfkoooL̓` œ[ '0V!E $D~0KP5cker丒 6"<9AI-JPE G0_Cl Z}+(G_( zJAXe~Xv΁B[8M(@U|48F=׵5T ԚzR.Lˋ~k6ՎAIzۺB 94g營6r3vc굫"u 2wi,5RcRKzll'ogUC،.-Y*բh,bkX, ?.3lqPN0=+gװv 8.k/\AºEh; ^yaEH }+oK3nFTvi(>@\\ mHkv"8sLj`5Avl_96I.;?FR٥u@#.dP(M۵Ti3}XG-,n;{} 6R19k- P  YٵTi3k3;؞aNUSsJ슬Z]4˙ZٝBP2*Gr0;suaTrE!Q3W|!`إ 'YKS+7cU0EPfRC2TE@ ;o.U\e!_rT-"#`إR#>P`C&y[EOIJ;o.U*feSou&wyY-s?3Osb@vތ]4bо{J=ԉ]Kf93@SXPqtO䰮ɮEإJ[}),w Trt%ueNv-.UXeLaAվ[PS(9Jy,j=mNZ]4]m۶(忹SR5E)WQrT^Q @ݨ]Ebw2"Nru7w]ת-)j.7c*ղN;Pʼxxc%QM "3vތ]R}bޛg9љg$[sg熟xްZli9/Gײ%(I;ڥ5!fP ٠xtpfayi% %@UYPCΛKXnc0uvk.p^h8Pb #imMoK3ѼP7NJ;ޟ_^ǭ!E/E2RelE ITI˗cAE]b-;wwreG1x0r" Ïzœ~٤bQ޵S7nꃡ>PJEU$fR%Yyy[AҶ<u}|cdsǷcĴx$dǯ3`ff )P_]@AP UGwtPgS+AJHvތ]xKRLp+새2j~0˰qzՍͫi\C1E,'_=zq5>ֿk]:%Q~5/愘9Oz#ukőo<Қ3ȓ})׈PٻTv ܆n\#&KɎC`QG_KAuqsZymg)|[뺭t։}꺵a4v]X{k47ClQTW=6޲(n` 7g̬JRk^j@1uI |^9@E$>vQc:(*T @Z7E 5逷Gs<2R #U b < K˅ '^=B"CdV3vaeǟ=n1vVqЫU+'ߝxl K6;)`ק[eɽ3jYJo P#KhIywbW-PbPkF-!x}'JWKG!佷[#VZQ9fgRV$Q$;lNd R 4۰o+WpqVE?.mX Ϲb`F)f(.A7A#`F*Ucg61RwS=c/[ [#Һv-]W!MڵF<=C?!=;OYjcr^v=>狕iuO4g"¤".s|Yjcr^n RZU*1J[}*an+5YCABa*q[@9մU-XR,Ԅ]Kf93@SXqY@_JIp=;d T{` Uv9'*fd I&"&;o.U ZEZNEfR4 >P8ZP27c*#@ஹ*@y3v-X3S(SE vތ]@)@9Li(9,XƋĶ3ij:fRVe>PtPbv&edJ0lK;&T2{=Xn`JHDHZ]4˙ʘ‚}H%G{"$ueNv-.UlHm[WoO/g`*y}J]A}xpm@͠lZaYY<슲©;yEy8Q'A9b"-ٵT$z]vE麳7(~S}i~RZ!bE}ؠ خEإ N$_.?NI0Y ?35"d ;o.U`_fez `rC$Ğ2-D4lYzH %hFnَ\rss3 AIiE y3vW9)1$bebioжށJ"(@B$:yు6 M߅fX6,cn~|s)s? ^"^bB;qǍGBgW#s'O Ɂ{1ߛaJP.@a, |R;x  &,&fq̞=|afo1V{nmm{C}dވ;rx|A?,ܬdͪXL8Iha5"Nbs| o Ѣ'?Qs,a<` ֿ]7*"@N~:a:(i?!oKϔȼgf%dn!$ϑGp\\SˊsݽC{D/w}a[V:$x ^o0 &ei-FVʐx1I{{"Ńi.kcB{Wo0(;@]e՞4dV 3^6&4I3F0`&8' PXn]|ǖsD8G;~Ё!~I!U鴱4#kX?l M.W TuB ݽzODOBwʗY8:TK@[ɂ@bi>ude{D&(ieIy,5;۝W9Ѐth?ekk(9k#`H3ش>^ }0R> &(k%8@eFŋBeZZ*Um/Zc'&}XBb E݄:iD {"@$BkVIJd.# lObu$n,J^P3GP /;Q(MB#|&ק"YGXX9+xZMdIeT|`QE`+[o /#"UKeH*.-S&}rfzK|V,>ӕp]O|#[cAa/iN_N9ȗ2q9(N`Ǩ䴖b[E̯pq@Ub!:|(X&T2 e܌@9;%Tg%= ˼c6|ʗlU>֜[+Md L>P\u)iF}o"[m,MdRڭKI3|jci&$.&/PEZ@&2doggN|>P>xS) w=**V$b6.4ݷ򭋀@ZA(P(J4WP(%@⭹e?5rM#*vT!>Pt@a[L:|lq=\XdqS;wvnù7E [^^9; hvnИrz=1.mɹ7ʿ 2W%h,LgNwKZJs?~J<f#o_޼Zÿ1i%@:Y%0 ,g@<>PJc5&q1et +W1rB*"S>b9QlCbԨ}{ֶY)"(}r.u,K`(6OP޶>(d 1;-fZKzIKv1Mu,| 'J}!tOGu{"@i̗]A}¥||ό:*ŲP B}o:g@Mo@} KN>PoS(=6BdZiJd|dW@i5Zk{OVnnUcRi_'_V[^ҋGLcMurBy*"o>uǮ>S!Evc;Q@k8qU=>b-6NqrN<:}y)sE@p@..}ϟ;ȋ#Upqucg=94p|)gE@pР]r~߽}; .~x{?N 'wĈ/80;`~|g>НISSGL}خP9?yaE 23;RTnf0P6<ϡ}i7E]Ywss sե5c2OϽ 1~qez[&|HϖL!G!'~Zo<6G ?pU9t=ͦR]b>bYھEYj%l9=cOnNG랜rڷ}W/#f'Xqe}}>ϞCCFW˟%wfcBr{'UKQ5_Jz˚ >=( ߛ6%,,_>,TPG $Pgޫg8*C1!>7j%qϩ7NawdDˈ,U:_#׿/\-K)(K"rֺ_tk2ĴK2PWQ%TYPfX 5?Կ}vjp1 @AUOpzGGGCAev2\T=ϏBX/_콯/\@¥z)KJsBhiij\UI`Wb>?X5[87,"=GF4̥A8ܰ}n'>|oOcҮ]V,s y 4:,>bY&-cg,swgRL3A3CmUS}o]U5&~5&W|U&!n(0sÇ?352Z/kvftD.,.ӋE$͘X"a4'Ue#9FP*S ի^ƹ➽{ *(uQ}%`z^W3ٵ#1bfJ676D~vJlo RU@TWw{@||c]h@q!<ͳ-2%_41n1ES "G8ӯNzv0R920'&??ИAUĉ♐oeҞ)z" y~''&G#%"$b$/VxZDD$痳2߃YrJ*"8@|̵}{.64B(v%"jL0 XD$P fj*fRV\e̞3UiTԗ7c*r'o[P( Zʝ'B*fRYm9Ɠrb,ڭK[U{Ti3?y[~߲@N,eAu)QR~+[jo*r'o[ȉ#h.:>PJ&y[~߬K0aN,eAu V5V@io:YJ{eLw&M {J x댻ҝIK"eA}$4zwjùsVX+wtlMa~c'=v.UzԜ3@PSKyO`?y[k'uSH鮮.dQo^X9عvb-2>9@e*QŽ; w ,ڥGcF ۻ09vތ]§EX Rċ_]Y#&&E憟 Kiq9ʠUoOoR_qs/rՍO>ute<oM@/7lȰ!p7L=gK&!ϡ? 0hɺRF>tTgإJ.iA _`JR{tTJ,͑Ҝy3{fvvndџX#'L6|O?Y{10+o`#/cfϏRkDo"iUEi,{V=@WS(eDs!ekAV쿟>3}7%^Z-O%XG}2nx~䴛ѱKe&!`}9@:vCƪ{"z >9Ƚ|[^T`d1 0r0玓O/$B?O=TWJ[ʾ<>ȴsB׮^kooW|TAԠ45bX i{wcc#.TF2Tubo`gD4bS0sŤ=rګC mX Wua5?OA0ެ^l-m6TcY^<3RA >PN쪅5 \u 0b&<G"0Fơ)Uif~n*&p/7{ੜ@B }Ayu>] wޔ=2;Aj)jo^HVi|W W6sS2a5a3Tu#{f3xf 7zfuu<^OzuP([0Ě!4-ͧ @;)!D6!~C^ЈWe3ɗK?-9J=aG;"ԢGlP|8cNfj_ɀ%ߠWȱMzyX0tkhՇQbtbʪkcJ(¾\~snbVcЛPd_?߳m{XPȮ.|2'v[`HMvSNvn }n(¬96FTէ]KլC@r=sMRҞ5Ŏwu|.<gJd֮Eإ8T}rPH|?ρ֜ z9#r`LEfRTc>P}TlBwozRA]K5lܔW} 7X*tڠ1LPU}W{<W;o.UK@:(Khgj_;c]ˢ3Z+aF1T]q @i$?$0,7c*ri^D@-PrTQvތ]*G!P\A@-+ȟ9S;o.X s Τ3ϸvɡ> fR9 Ab_8>e:9@w V"R(rHah"RE#qs@YwKI{|lZ]F APrFn)iF}o]KH}*RҌ@)([a,>AURQv-.U#Y} 4wKI3|lZ]F %iI9d- @*ΛK(pgAw&͘TP(uTΛK(*+z Wn99rTvތ]*G!P\A@-+ȟ9S;o.X MOթ7cQT,WP &'@ΛK(*+y;~;SJy3v (~]Τ'jEmMk@vJ=r8>k&tP88O%z;;E(@$}}?>WKd[G1? .|p~9O&aJ"Dub~C{XK^!s'@UR㚪q>]P\Hy V2SDʹhcqR9Z`NcxkTar$oicqR/j (v @ &+m,aJ6>P""(@XZ`.,$J("jY3QE@@@-V E@PtP "(@-+666Tͮ!viIXT/VM>e ּH9@l4|0)h}Tn#@cQ4cE9@ĺv =lIIx=P X ]^=ɖDXTZ ݺ@%H>P`JKU(1cHu1$K0XB)5_ʉ[d>{:y GuXqVڳ*}~*t1t y=Pw&uL"- j2*"AePi*"(@@-P.ԨPE ʠTdE@Pr@-kWtLjRQwtN+mm4ՋzٸA)h} I9DfFƢzh)#rnhIDATx^}h]e> oH (xO LāIPI4UUdVAmDP#TJ# XH@!C:^9{_-}ֵuYZˁm4`0 l54`0 x0 hi4к0 غ[ML4`8ښ)%>|m0T|0I !RNY'־ZHRb9767N>{\%mM4C*)H]]z}j< fIig:xx9 R_n!?\z|O'1'0R$?)> *1I?TT|",y<`QYC*)H̳H XTRj301Pg e>`bBP,!L RjER2A|Ae>`b8`b209P,,L V&*|@e>`r201XLT&+Ɂ|`e>`b209P._xy-dSwf?[^bP{ߊO'j6߳;7(Vt+)Ѽ] R76ym /}u">>;48DN|{^-و,__?)o|4Ύyxm<64'uxkk²Z^9 gz2 w;ow꿸|1V5˗.;{Ox8e]"xMi'`Ȇ̙33piX<w-츭cr;?o#u5~\wT&>ѥ̝_:/=ljGJ޴WJmau>Ȗ0ԫS0\`G 8gnψ{8ҧK1ضXMٻlf6sMB{k{lͳ^H>KloLC%K3g^9#gɖ([sꕫ/&_a[~&G!"_b|͉gOp/ġ ʽEݳ׫4C0SF~_ǻAN͛<+C(%0[]' P#| sRHB]` %2Jeu\2K9) 9o{Vx*ڠ.Qm ^^URx0\8+%5 2Ә~ȃSuNW֕/0I$LJMT s ˄p#O\鷦/,.yCkg\S/*VU 9IwK2![n7&?]B/$Ow^$X=7]`*k#p&C^W5RJ$t5d#6 bܴ/gVwTN~UP/z"-\qE"]$9X5vT!}CN뜭(h]Ip~@Jnd[fuWB <ʼnB-Xg s_*=}d9}}4^{w'd-J_l| E" O}JX˗3we蜘ځ<~'_IT^$<2U;RhOJJ paV0Ѽ~0#){8/NϺk!tX*;&}֍դ\wW7NJ?q׾fe:y^}8~*r9)\$y/JD伡PL\Z/C[qܻ^^gA J-WW=gP=I*6 _˟.WΟvatX CO a]]Ͽ"Xۺ_Nspppr+l'啼3d-Jxa%c?*5kOߝ|e%T7<̯Ykݳ|B~iϾz˘+z/1v=-82Wc_.WV",?crXKT'k__H]3zi';;ݒ`EffƠd~Br_8M}.lŏ!ZЮf3?Tႎ{DFNuoܨĔ ^ a[s'̅7.!󂁳SfKQWzyHKF~3fF+XF=1#*ǞX.簄~ , ۂU-:).[;Rxg~Xp7cn ?3ZQvʒZxL{Kg'ygIP:mqrNpd@b,?~cJ<L\hɓ9*{~@I!5.*e8S4&+]/*^$yȠU+qhzVrY꡻>J;z4hc ̡dЇc%cʹ`$ۋBsA+D6WJc.Xz:l_fM<}}I#y1E؊(z4&'_Vj$Uo} j_mVZЀܺNrA#? ;YӍ0F,vBSuKu#9xRi8v%AUNڑ ȉOV>33 5 *tB[ŤQ;;4otOD?\ _'B2%+Ur]piCYm!2q AqA4`Hђ̬ fJ$էc V(j0T1k!8HJ M̲bIb n&qaU7 !y Q!5yQ#~C*"30r `Ep]EKiHEBYQg5A7j*r:# YUTQ!5yQ#~C*"30r `Ep]EKiHEBYQg5A7j*r:# YUTQ!5yQ#~C*"30r `Ep]EKiHE`yiۛ/*l d`&T~<=ˇ)fD6]݊V@3X/H7)Zr6]@ `$RqC<H9uz".s=;&ڳ;05H\Y9cV@jT"&ŊWz*7~LG aw$H:V!˩DjyhZZRߔ5-e콴"B-d N;;eokrR$C.9"y`?HKj6 k J@j,`o6 ЀY@{ LՀYZn0 a\h187'^T"-E҉O4$c#8j`"F 648 `qΟ}l@|_?-,.4?^N+R)mv(B}]E[7*Of >6XLC) +S' ։Sؤ,v#P߹?N)!-GY l2Aק_7+y>hCLyN`QboC9ps7rü4K痈A)20Zvs XkkE07ssǓW/||AyG(sy֝x% zIZt/d]Y|Q".H[ߞ{fL-rrŷN`ʎa\hՐ+W5|g= ,?HWJV/)K8b$>~[;7}j'gtF"ygs?]ܕvFt;(j}  0eOtJҸ^Z3F77j8sIݴU2?0br/̭_ ca-|%MN^C|nlmDN[զ.A8/|Uum$dl=7&9X(ɁE)(ɖЍcøc<}f|1EHqn4J-pTe9IԎ'YgF^B<_ !.p⾲Ԉ` !~-B2[VP4`h6Hm Ͻ#HXP_ pIooǠǍ8Z ؜עN #sf dnDؙ:< [VcGKe=/-oooGURAL#/<י/*'g*I5RuNٺD!JƉ T<k* `:O:~Af$&]Q#h [%ׯ ,Kǩl~; 2Ihy  R&5]*@~S& n/_r<Vݙ麷i p>کq7c5H8`R- yfĕ_'\F;zPO+%JO+_>ͬl YX̀M'jճċ֓iM)@-֐;dpIUMjАJ{$j}@u% Jm Tдd -~7d&70ՑrI6)YQlDU:4&r*H2}T(؊}@C*&  2ZHPjCfH]c~1> ސiWg>`,!Vw錥/8`L50&@wX!B}@C*&fN0#əU}pS2C*&/ [j?9a+F-z05U}p2CuޒZd jHIVZ0_$[@!wK >`e8sޞ^s˦G/gO=%z(A-Tw&⒪?9,?N ,}kfTq\;GU{M6'Wٻ|{;MnWߚN\_''ԗy %j}@.5Ub`kƷMnW?[D$89,)}W-wߔ} HQkm`~]kN<}B"V,B&z|%Zj!3ωa\)e:xysגS98 9y⯫XPB ԈR< ϑ$ɾUH9^bPrk#Qnrk8bR&y;(d * ZPuEPH1 &W '^\ȟ;?.,];>soL %4\y[q}9> +oZrWꕫ"v".Āoi8O}fiTR p^8w _,@/d ^7 ؼ73! _6/$f'vO _a>x}q4~UC~Rַ^-  ȀyEZ'љWj|%o˄޳\{tf?7XO/nߩV Q+|; t̽7w'5]ִ:` d0'VL W>I>288 B U.bDZO:Gn;{flSog .O=iO/^ueUS->`TRsN{"4A|/_5 `J)x%o)UkS T.G)s/ɚGI`p ԁ-]5 $"<&!U5@7OF7cnժAI>/Vs3ff)gȜAN% ɩWHH0OI:Ȍƒ*T|1([2Af9qɷ Ŧ-pƏ%+n&Hֵi-*,`L^2YaW5tEo*r)~էێ Alna o5@n}1sř- HNMIpYCF X0q\{T]}'A5 W,,a[c%FH1 OՖF X0b~E$!ϙx7l*=v*iHa:÷!%h4U3w1 uȂ7/\;9}l?S=43|Q"PmN:ST y;{ؾư %HL˜ CDe54̟ Zhkh@oYDl@w,!Vu"4mbS eq&d%Nb8I`R&K,56dK$F(R26 eqbToTQ4@ "/lXj8`s1 PuJj&Ƴ8`3.Ru)fh<&(:d̚0qHY0~3L~̚ )6Y f(< 6 W)FUJ$Q@QUή.Ѯh@YX0 HY0 *)ql;ZX gV 48cy.h/VuťO+)A‵hʶE?]@(6<پo6ky'_d7Z( REV4,Z#vX灞3ѹ¾vT -W eqZne[BB=(KF;n{VJ{8lV=$VHY0nu5,j8{-־Z6~'>#NJO`" Ylo%}s{ )  eqmތI( [_gxa8ࡎCȱs͍fFGD4HY0rFFhxxӪj@Y1tȪď`&B =:iӄpALb{W.>QbCGGQEF%&qi>l%Wr"eg(R!E1HsKQlHyRٴ{fD^z媿 _\L`1?n7&s<O 92<%)_O+RiHFU#'`i&#$5.LST -`P7> @F UІ(nTH"i&E&g]5* h]4k,`M}XScvwu|d%)XeNPbi#`slPQF# 73XZ,`1~3<־^[l5Ub@4`ބj u[iʁu*aWV1|!\* +X*7r~z:G*rZ0,_DHgYKQM@rׄ26կZٹcٰNcG*zIwJq\~MȤҳ BW+Rl<ˇPxVU_Xں8bX@Ƥ_V(rW2/^*+VUQ1)\0al]od͎#{7kbs}7v!"&B%!+;؏'Kƪ F 4 (M1)L6݀P܈'AȨ"l@& ?6,LoO?p?5wDg˹sYrC)ȓZϭfʞyk )i]shtH?H5-kIpԞY/AC)ɂpSphr5|_g־\ӵIF#d-RJVi KDzwvRV@3uC?dR{Xle-4* T1HwW7 eP"F F Rk6Oī:YE5!jYkK椷bo.qO:wPO+J&5Ѿ_uzRު8VKEcEf>`H0X@]hIWg_?[$F bA.R2<>` 〬4WLyltx*ٷܻdWv{ϙ?Gn`euN)au͎E7أ/]61E%/ R 0>u𽦱%4ŞDئ$l<3w0?N UW sBh7@m-cmãIcύUpy{ l3L~C7pSb,n`e-V5k8`JqӚ8j< ֤reaRTq6vDbOtEI*)kr^:~!v j@zCf悥AjKEh.,\i@YX0 HY0 Di@YX0 HY0 Di@YgqAŨzmsD[(gaqf R \ܤjey4xcHY0 *iCa,, ,P)1DYZp!6Ulx~̿?_ ,XR|UTYTƞc!߷=PgB- eqZ4ސ6DzϢWy:XŶ.Vϙ3W.qR-C8`- oLYW5Wg2qϖO>{,X=h_h+Rԩ:~qS XԀNKh@pmO0^ 9H[losI4p6U  8`heh蟜OAb -raMɿ&S'54N=.|T)ه)Hq{ IkƳkbP4ܒTlc#Y,\\|b슔9;(1A @PARL+g7IjCMjRc{r& 9;w]6W8)8`c" Y+v-<=Urg#Ƒ *iJx1 2J@X wt_'Rݒr 8HD|Eݣa(87שi(8`bPZnm F*`L: ~z] E'g$6 T'Ͻ}n-' 9⋗鷼Al ?%/m ̃(ZfBkV V`YpO*dT1auL&PCLaz#u8._ͦ9Q20%sGF\c|CE(Sa\x2 qNt _O+R)3Aęc+R5Q"a(^b~4RT }F[W;Z>-Vٵ^5'Рi^yco  ud[^.j> V2v+"ɰ?UȴB@˗%[j10  -LؾϟƣUiҨZĚƈ3Q&[6VlZ>gꗫ3ztGC` s77wwN ǾlMY~]v;W VUL%RI T]9f (ΓcJT4 06ݳ%>&2{DXL=`nkskYU ^Q3SkٻIډlGC¿03r?Yf|lDKFP 5XX5|T:uI $-۱,6bkI`yL}] }}Ml@P c֮v-m&f=2rfz+gnQXV4T BNV^6J'٥:Y0QJI leSқ3& O(Xzvǐի\BFBkkk^rɮh@c fȊSuog/DҴVE0] ѡ0GT׬E0Jq 0a/:լF0&N s`q^!f+V#S'tC{I΄h x6)MiY0:x40imS8d55553وl[2[q,jC65*6 4C tZC9VZͦi@ZiU0GH4< (6š>fVs5q,Z0e"Ҁ8`DXQ]+S\30sA)|@F +χ@?:-$f-InseW8QX!ȹq[O Lt kPh6#_ujLǛ}g FפY`iUl:Ei=03ƢkOլE4դ+|@6 h=0O19vJ֕&eBdTϠ`k0xgR#k,qxi>p 2&>1d~_ .n*0yn2}]ޜ%}XF^CI{OL$M鹄d}0-Z@ޜ3+~Y sPT" 4I1vYzN%RIyep2&7'MɪmlV.`J+R)j5! P17'uTLUX])F ؘT?lW@IZWR4I)J ?+]٬,`3_ru1q-zǮziՂe *R)c24W;,^)=qo*6 k`VW/ (e{T]-2 ѵ25kLN"m8`ti=525kLRl98`t=xс9ͲW]Zk40GJ44 (|@6 >i5s`qSXaf5Z‑A%rai`xNn_#ԑsX)|@6Rh Z9v9챍H_XpmE\? ~88`tT]#\3Vct0{,qdƍޞXwnp, -fkV#ܒ#sْޮ8? (98`@֟LZX8U׬R_VpϞr?NIK,.9GNem)<_p89<'ɷ<' eK&=ؖrT ȊTrVwUL5߉=aAsAL7(|4.Sk<#7s9{SWAt BhM^^Cx%yTqx h2X.灞''G;tr?/>!zdZI/ ^y&VG ҉4dzݧ 8/~tkV:w-e`eO{뜟rXW٣bz垡+_wW,(d L'e24ċČ9z| e"V JgH=?sv־^&-@>5E)˟/~ZieFߌ{Vs4RjyE'X0FήϦIi1Q&l;unyey;3ޛ<H]^ 1k &7>`K:{/3ND:1$[LT%&2eP9ZnT̷ jh{J8,;tۡ-oG5MOe:>O6AΊTrwNPl'o=hͤIrPE߬bJ=[kſ_+6SVWMZS cD2hw)9s{ss FŦoFX֙{scK,YP]_s殌4MB >&錉>< AbFg9!1/11R!sD43L`1O!bߩ-ؙ:k@a,Xg B CHej s 8`thk}@;/8:̬Xk@X02H>`8`djلA+[IlsB @8^ZPs8Ɍ:rqͲPbaDuՀ8`]L*`%Հ.΁C긎Zu&Vjk Հ98`d/ڃf+V#S'8`to֐i`iY`ui>CLA(`Y`e΁LAXNj}5CX0@mȬEپْgxbRxP2 ѵ25wtt5Y)|@FT]#dh#+9vg8ܿsɐ{ m>`tfN!vT}-'V]Gͱ98` Pں6DÝB3K8n3> ^%ZPst_Ϝclɗ?_>%Q i}@ XqX+P'8Ol3]ϟ|ɷ^lyq3O<{B|ޞ^9~7<js8`[rO[@yZfr6M(X4yE\ss&=7xIn Jsq)y <{JQVyUlμvFr~ٽ\,܋U7Л(8f3T-#N.Zqqƥf΁ ##3't#^>!zde9b==;ZΙz9{w\?weKa-V8`t '-H[֕/V6nl`&ߘ;8"S̰.R ٙϢxGt=Âc9ŐG2F|b.R gڸzeTVQ*~ZBs6N> h_apCN` ߅.ĉ_?i]7مmG%q1c7Ɲ8*\cY3a< !]{qC]\d ]0T-FDD/_\R)+ϺtoG/xq:w99z0A:},<`@/L-|ݶD8<&\KU4pUY+RTH%#qJibO6 &&Q` _JV`oV4FOc.8EMyyNBι xszCѰ)}+khSHn[b}IMKȁ,~sJKbDA  Ŏ#~3 sc!(:1J tCTK:$ 1vWT^jֳq lzP^Gu,*!>`kcnL>#RI0> vDU YY9eC&.'N Rj@Qxq-Nl~ h8Cx{5A ,Xhkh@m54ڨV*8`0рސF]6D#̪NE-qD$Bj8`ܰd-}3_&m+ȣ,,ś@QUε5X-,ƳSCtRY2֪p5HY0@mݦ JS³8`׍Vz12^gaq:)?R 5DYX0~G@S8X/M։³l?fu  R ܦuySA[diwAG1@0)i\EpVxL R ]kUf#ls4j${~SyWT#x{mЛθ !(8`B-̟c sɺ8b3op*CT3ٌl~,`=sKrmF ,`Șl]`ҧwK.YiKR‵SbD R? o3v)(".sYYUx27B/hk'ؕQQ]łQ|o`tH%2H~H hɍN6uS;=MƩw)3; d0c},FG19 }.c,}0W`=`<:52f =J`=ƴ =rb W;$xyC1GGy.ZN4"Nxt'B]?*-t-DjB**#*NjN~WFY'KLČ阖@C$ 鷦Ll%CȮ$ S]N~)WZ O,v47l`-H[Y@5xŭ `O_OM0+'>``4PK9q{=+"d|ʚ&i`ee., uCqYdWIAH(8߄@`b|!Mw7 kte-` L]`ՃfFX6T2ؐqssâyc}{eh|С1;r-6r4xq|NvŁj1 5!A&Ȯ34{pzk(6JIjNltɡE0]Zsk*1xy˺̱ƺ*Xǭ# 3~!ةWX FlPI] wՇgYx4AlEcťOQp16d6cێԯ7iLgڮ`d 40+TkEj@`UƭL0{lF>ar( ˦ 0GT׬E0Jq, -ޥ1 Ss`qmڃ4,;~ls+Ѐ98B)6djYK^} ?9lꈏ>Ok40GJ44 (|@6 >i5s`qSXShj4΁#T| hq klh>Sucjf۸j4p,Qt}h}@G5saz' (|@M &'yUcP# VԀƐٺ^*9F2rPA9b)NA3.>YСLJO(^Z0. 0GT\ AxsxEA9}=rz;haXxgt]]3+6ui}@FYu{ 1lh,@I[|d+fߞmt8tS$|rk&s`qf".h#'[{lvuı>J΁ltF4 6 >Z1dK.%;In8Q2 7ongBZؙĹ<ٿsƀJ}]j|\?S{➲p%F!J)HIJ6 J %2C)S/Yr? R;_ \6‡✄ZlJ B6$-s8`[sXbBZl`Y{½#Wk9^\|2FnǽHV:ƅcr;Yx2~GlIϷ0FTo=oL)AK"!EJlhy^* ݱbyBuC$[@;um+(i>o/0Җ3@gF_p)/A#09 6(I"&I,˙\tqg-'<8=~5tvNȤ "y^=%+Lg*Jiݠn?vœ >`Ldg WSduQ {Gudyux<ة÷nÍXZpCTx` \#y_=ػO? /c}quϺr9m33_Q-Fsс/.nþ`%)aL6L 꾿IlRLr=/cا`+qVP]x=oK\ʅr)R"AL_2Ipթ♆r>C-m/'?I *yeÔ\$g=q|H&}> 7$"zx&U$&O`/IV|yo&S?EroL`t677vۗDr_0|x@Hd]1R oɀwP ّcx[~) v_ܺ62Ȼ[o^#d<6Jv} Du,y{gO&O548浘H8gjrYTɇҥ?'9̨cc |G [ʷ|I1m{=3 5i[@T#rJ|x."Ηz9̆vj+/KеoL!?f` R!?!lj>TZx&,Hq7"q']`ȃ{ ؐ/zaT"F "_$~*JF8h?" ɤ4Z@11 Dٟe]v8 ) .]զA7jHҋ- -YMHkRΆ54r=Q:(6P;O0@&Rz GCn']LvI6/4~aPޟ&x1ZC-`]=jՀڗk1Bd)6%0kV X,r"Y պr[‡ f[u r!f!5 iDb̑gKnþLh(E,z齿WOIb& 魵zkȭM6Fvߝp`7(X 4™[xb*e Ƅ,`LHW+ n.}mDS6  o־^;~85 Q$Fx֠Ŏ#~.mp-?kȊր)0nocOqkK:QoGV!${ov1ƹM6K@Ê>Sqgdzr$^q IhcMIgҀQp=VXE`Sq b3+6} K eݨMj7EPxqJܞapuPj8Zݍ*h>`4,tHVzء,W|a6dj3$FR !BAŨzm]]] &R(< uJaU, (Q@@Qeu&Jb(NXR&P47dl.,\i@YX05HY0i@YX0 HY0 *9k_NHYX0Fb˟.X-,³k}m4HYͺM%5DYX4HY0*UjkBbƳ8` *8`@U|a,, ,P40f(< F)FUJ$ ‑`A‑@eqة@Q@QUX,, ,PVg4,, , TVi4,, <`H^֩9i;2?v|:=m)Nm~%)Ѿu鯝~n䵵kٻV0Z)^#6 R/NJ)m H;7ƥYͧZ@SOLic@jퟶYнϫiE* ە R+'e5nnB$ -f-y_ R)>lXYDR!%Qj?tYVYD UG=ԗLڸvh{A[^mDfDm 0 Ҙ ia8@(  .#6 Rc0 ҀYP2bӀi U0 *81@( .~XNggĵhlZش/NZ@+0m]pBĴIːJR)^b>`BTi>`B`M5!vD;H~{#%ܼRT -`|Ӏi 8 z4 Z[f[ki5`֛Z[f[ki57TdDĚIENDB`n9p]n<ۉD{PNG  IHDR9:{ sRGB pHYsodoIDATx^l]սkf'G>Ľ0SG0L+Q'R1HD%G/n Iћ&W{ۄ@B5 hhM5 (AJ*].U|K_}1U\Jz^#z w睽9u|~pkw~g~}g]~9#8#"IsGpΫ|8#ĎGsGp^spG vW>BN#8*#8#*rGp|o&?Yյ?GpZ@zvݱ+::rGF╫=yhν8@,yǞ= A+tk ,pM@kojky #8!/6Gp@ko*N99#q8y{lqGĹ˫퍝^#8!/6Gp@ko*N99#q8y{lqGĹ˫퍝^#8!/6Gp@ko*N99#q8y{lqGĹ˫퍝^#8!/6Gp@ko*N99#q8y{lqGĹ˫퍝^#8!/6Gp@ko*Nި91_{葇[v{j|9ԡSle kxÙFSN m"?]ҶnV?΢̓).CwcTXJ=y'itz k!kӂ-<06kRB/'>+7onuoIK |yU'{ V1 јʑ#"PF?!+?bJkLG Ԍxsk~Zw<}vɑo}(?mWkhi(GkSy@Q>`Tȯ|_ssǑV̸@m^Jcj#04O=k 8ŕF%Hy߁~\h,8hH@3dޠ*}J=bi!ViT/⬧iq>qpV1f<Wv⅋vSwPqgԄ< w.*' 5}ȳjFy:5&w{A[b4;i!;WXaBaT_4 Jȶ>R%>eF+P&#?iIdf\(I1"_2l~LE\l#߭60Oʳ %IoN#\vp)}A3)v)SMʜ4.;!SV!}4g7=Ӫ#kَXuY{#m]#ճ{ɾ,}Z;BGU?úO)[ʶNP_oߋ`hȃ*=>8t` /#&;nߡ_x?;~]pV&#q˅lq)w#5[ %8{ MWVpS,ε7^^'oo|۫v*lThy͞t[ypVNY*3dƆ'.8HfU `rebJfÖSQJ2{,;p{BXylr \߶ ]w'Ӊ9i3G՚ϢgZԶq8y{cgazQD+UJft伎o%;OSqc4<(|_cJIцN.K5GPNƸO猆 1UYrgMN iŢ|^,K`;EПSiUGUm;ў.6n8?O:Ө͉,Kd!{KTZH~4צ7^6ƫSgɰ9#PKjqZ9hEs퍗WE3-2^p6Yx Bd#Jfǹ˫N.'@(;|󁯧3`O/'ꩨ#s퍗W;rvhC[q';VyJj4Gprjq=m̫lqC-˛sG}xƼLǟ;ަ;َ#w'ߟn}oypA]ԙ7Μ:ߎmc^ElvDivG`CE%džFۘW\αG8nνu:Ƽ媶mN#lx}Z4siȨ6U.W=#t3XϽ~j6U.Wuu8ުKWƼ媺g?8@Fl{!ƼjN#lť"L Ƽ媍ޮ#3Y)J>mt1r晓8@ޙCƼ ޴# x Gwq& nyU2ɜNG@i2&ߞ@jmyUwD ~\o!m̫\λ8"@lJTjmۘW\ՂM8@[#ꕺF1ۘW\֯8-@@+]msyU-ބ#5Qq@cm6U.W s"G`h@j4Ƽ8S8 P$]}\oc^rU$8q"0jJ⹾xe1NT1r*:"pEZ__(Rlc\gm,uɀnk_?8@}\wu$u76>Shװzӎ#D@jU5^;5x 4TSMoo)ztӞ՝6:U,wbGhSK )rޟpy(Z au{<{Uvwݽ+=v߳;{OG4\H~^ rG8*-]&L:wߝ5 [ TS}$-1L*PqG` Сr,z]>HzY3quww7pl*)lIG6] ׫>a$3Puw]÷CucO_F5ٱp0DՓO$>+ҖAg?8_1H =4J|1IA#Wѩr*\ՅBl=*<{٠Yw={L},/;pg9><ܑvEjKP%jk woXsf<2 E5m{}4j) ͟uGPw땫Jv/>:*@OS _qv6E$+g8;S KZ9M1A:/COJ$UU1J2QJ"Kz|z}ep: 6˫L9/(pwPkIzfm ^Ċҗ5rp *; |^s'!wG_GW1:_#h8'#}jv|N*X9f`1#ោBv/mή; 9#뇈?JBWZB7"*A;V,QҖJ"WZ).?|i|?AgpSfU^p OE]QTY7JI!KՊ @ ߜUAd/<5ݠN<3?ƸdRB3O<wuثTy^2ۺe+ĩ NeƸG٩sGX|~>]nܶHWe|8b8~_S}#D@MOOb=9 >kS%o{OOp!P8vS7.,$ܸ}<:q>8Ǟ?)[Э=a,%Oxz(ImE${J%QM>'BSܴ;xgwkkL~pGq6nƜ92!Gp@`g^;ZwOw_onz?ߋfk@g:3`vao+3aCȃ#u#CS Rr}xr>|S)GH#s#J`U91tQJG WY&Dow!@,yA 38}h`rkF2 GX?(WTf,{- yl(ا\x!maŖ.DlG(9ٞ[mӥ[+Fz<)NLK:j6^#8MA0u ,5#vvU\M{*6ey#4E"FA=ͨ* .?9Jf_kΫjE;# l.ܕMX%,~Xp#O%A;?JNFMB:+ÿxp1`gu"]@zaseI_<[#%A²W_r%6Ϋ!6Jں9Λq(g>KֽfE:Qҽ#مΉ$0$'!nJfr6бG h!Jd|4!Wт|g&_{WN&_Win)F)q,Q0q [r dz<߯uzz^yAqn+'*gZH *Us| mِ`K©WO@Ì;T8XM}0,;O[ύ$uS DAWݯy5s&ϫTls4R!g"'9cI/UWK}0hR-u-vmZ.wL?_>SS~[z{{%qvЕdK`[]@ *& 0l*y!İJ;tsi˰qlmۍ15+RQlrOOBt+333t!x<᭽[d! y_l޸I҉_W;BW!WY*:%Eu6 }61vިۇܷ'b{7N]B%BKѱxe3VVɤd - f Vv ǫ#n Lu-mDxvmE[Z\%!onn Dwؐ7TO|gNkGZ?HD{`8ƫG$uϿ{3CO"8?3^ ?x [@z }xwvݱ!|葇2a0sVF[{B g%Ҧd~4rxL ًM ;EƝWUq0J@aV:&^#9)5x~:'=lyށ/SN|>B kũfga_^uNa#5, ٙgLchs#J yJL3L$'UV;f)p3Kš섒1wAZL,@h>l+^a$fuwFonctұ>ct1a&&O^ar/eUyd.6"XC5 ?;yx0t,7Ny3ߏփ?݇pim6@&ٿ;vq}$)b~FeW>2zKKOB2*B3GLJ^~=4a>om6`[k3;?.3Q "G=\o5|cW܋pZ@t/(> $mV+Y &M\ԼooÓH g XliGc孟ʯU~<6E8:  j4O*nv$bKi(|Mq/h!5@Ar#h"R xq F5D` &MiJE˿*byp_ ' ȫЁjAGIwC_ƙ5}ki@~JaCOIxf:S19èBx?v-wK[:wU~ #N;%$v h:W0g D$2[A)ʣ T_^ -S^zڴ"g~}^֝δZJyUvVٳ6, '6r>BJ#GL8MQTKm tc*#_z eV[ԩQa*R9*}\:+W5RNt0h#|(lc\ǟ?ΦT7 W zt.DpɂeC/8G!㍪9Oƨ͞B#(;Q8cC}kl}))|$ |[9 0S>DQ7P$N]< F89e-N̪6aEhTXX:ԒHiԀpMn*wQF -rv7r"+\îNN5X::cO.L_Ϋ񆶀Sv]Y)(_3CÊd!Z4[Ǟ RKLzKE8#)9ƫ-><'/$[[h֢DWКԛa{ɸӊh.WU#1($dK5 &!%11Ϟr< *e*Ds>e 0u({ pHA|ҟ$U&]@dp_U):x s_w֑ QF6G\椛>GOj*O F1J«#0l쥀 ]/f4o, lC4 1((e4 Gu7xT:Dgafvh BثhQ7iηhYW)!V92"?Rgc-|ZߣU\@5 Z1Ifǥ U>ErɃQ@TTTNyQ}.Բ29.G`-K(iBŐYԭfo*Kzh5+&?䘂 G^1 Hec @rfhBaLv3J xl k(؛AC͏Iݧ8+K'^I,$˅x(zwR72P^y)"!/h%LfM1Yಋ /^(LE*򷩆`Y)r-r ,A( _ebdnj>o[I0rӇ T|JֳO3\d)6PAz'X*8$TxB,ѰV_@R^b?XfqL_)C Vwsy`Zff[[FD$ib 9"@?}4)؀onY*#C0@ x͂X{i꽩c?;6ѧ<%Ir 4I›s5tG^O4?ut"vZP,@OL TcEcGxOȺB\KQXz(ΐԬ8 "adkFbȼe!B)C'SxC]zrLUуǜGiRII:3φ[i|-nRPŧ_2fo\7 ђN#ߒR7Ĵ-{ڹ~ǘfFDT!b}s'S[YtbnJ6ql<=t,|_JDXŖ.EN;y7^f3[3m{gyݛ!#"A͗ 9rc*۫BLk/i ܮdom1o D9(aWh`7}gg7<6h؟=&Q r*&tᄂ{ȿl4H{"w ` w<Ҭ Y0CϠD n#lm{P- "rEQ63䰍wVXm8xoYG NL=OY[x#![ɎE+=HˋlUV񙸳_kgbY2. T: {9lc#*TDlvOI,BXF-@G";YŚHb,`a2Jx~Ht}ez @ ;wC̜ڮl $Bn)?[((5!QW%VZe WOHM\UR8C8L١ <6 pvvn^pQa`T~O8SheRaj 2HtXϥ>~VeؒTQ&qvO_ Ii[Pt:Wn#e}jKz2R6zjlgWp w,ݓB:{7/"F~-`#] `ԳBHE*/ .oHzW3L0zI`o1Aidy8j6Վs)RKHuׇw'~A{ CvH3|]ʴ ŏ*)nY=cxC ^Y=I:J}HE!dp(1)IQ19`4G|qnQ]`~okk8kE':M8z&"#1({HF=;QpjS(y),A#^CZxxS+ka@B '%Q&D|.LT|wrӯ 9Kȵw9tSOA2ǭQ'(Vm 1QhB b(/"yJ<O7Ρ1#c@%34'sǖ:lGLBJ2y'&1vaΝs,l!j !\M8jq1-@q;Dd@ӯH]9\< 8W/|9xF`?+{?T'V&mAOH$ֹ3OF Y+Zݨ֍ ~e(T'oDA6Iހe`"0;*XB.Q}Ã|QJh B 9Z6VuW0leMmQcUAхfkjz 2tc(} W}aփH>X^>Xzp᳐Iru  w[g\z͑jJFWCu>rb!FťgOi(2 e@SZ~Ư<ĖHՉZK9 }Ɣ=yes0*{dTdJȣE1;trk[QM_M^?A?gs$ ח_ƛo+_\>s[>>@7/oB׾҇aWo΂xC [l /Җ߿}ϾH9/ B:j_տ?|??o_'_`R/z3o] ծ9߿_ f-]77Ξ+"vc*^ʫ¨&x/Goh[x3bcXW #^oWIEf GyŗNO&5M7etUTy#Ah +H>6K[Ԗ8J/i9܎"< @(^)'e$aw wGB!>Kˉ_>ȳ h 0$¹Ӫ۷~ZO8 JN${Пw) t8-b> TQsE˜+gC0>Db$ⶍ\ĕvUm,F4jxS)L=E _`];꩎[ۍ\GfC"RR-R@*A+Q؁'pzt?G!WזRZ7VzVٰ]g˜ lފT޹!f9cOſd(T@[-a`5(|>lhlƫj /-ܿ[%cw0ģv`O>6Z];q _G6ny,:( )Ʌtpw˖_3˰ v;v5u=CB֌4%Ha~t|r8(}7çYCKRR( (]I'P\l>g`UUv !nb 䃭Eóh#4욦xQ[&QyڽZxΨypX4Æ!PE!VqB@f2fW(Exs:YrM|Qs ʜZԼ s4-6Lk~Xy*slkzXL}bn?݇؇ fy__`c"Jg]q$0+x 7"lvH4\*UǗKrj}rUv;MF/9ː1Jll|TJR"%= 3]eZl@@`* b~7x+vD7Sa}NB%{*9rB، ).hV(Wu󇔡`o:sKO^hBLկxYd0v!֚?-]jZ u>),q]5a&o5 mD^8ͦug3E"} TJDQJwNGJz]=DBeA%+j^9SpmvY9lMR#K W 3ɠ2O+[d(D{Gݑm5R.FO*lluDV$I})\ .3M{r /@Bzª;Mc"o]JW8 nWkg!#2Zeū2.%C9{X453uRu&EYт_L w{gq~`2Dv,§ :Df6-ֳ.wVU㱲`ċO}`.BpݷtrjF"XwC_\49l9,<9QmwUs:)D@9,~%͘l̡ tEL?Yt>#'%7/2yW`HQH0R ٻp/q|SGQH]׊?%fX1VA!%h@yڠA-Ó@IdQel@܊F-qU%Bƀ!uYz (V&z*lƳcp,J`{v[;,}6KQQaَxmrA)-MЃqwAG҉b|g. d$IW0X e;ubT.wViD.cN00OX>I!ثPQ4(UHAEԲ[ȯ1'[ӯ-f"v>jcz\baɓ²Lˋx`$hY<WJ'UE73I!zLMR zDCz3/ecH𝅑O4,pz!YJ{#҂0'-lN85tVWӫ#pbœUrDbL~"?[2.%HdR-3ƐdaO/e%)bzk:PL,Ѽ a+.f0Z\sp}2YʢgfimWW y $~-^N9D W3lx88N ]1?H@桽k5)LM$.)l6xas1XuBV8_+2u1iTL=ʰi3"u'5l@Q ikVN)X >q/f?9mUlO=40Rt' 0W͋*_%tWv򚅜^+nq . Ѭ-ҐKA4MÙ/OFQڥIK,UFB5x7"ŨuRɵä+6t_sKޥD[bTXלF#i؀$N)+yu@S$$+ˌ%H >%.I𨜑_ͱ]էKH^AZ apkxppĸE(6|P_~ޙg.cc0OJ~ BBo ;M̨x6e2<&_L7s/XO^e7PueξY4ϴ˩?,ߜy\q׃la{p9Mj%&|5 Q;/AĒ~yRmqoښZ9nބ\!a]bbNv D"CGH)|WR%ȶ8÷)P᝿{e ,LxFL'Ҋɉq?92=f39C$$sGeEi6u"P>ay*I0i}fqSځ%Kl!GIa]HFK 4|Q hEA*8 *T /R:Ͽ3qLfS vy/ĺQ>-4t`"4ۡtySp0ڱ b Xizz.3c]@'BY͉($s$',|ǔu--1%!v,i1odupޅ‹U4QW`3 8[˺v̼؉wR.*-\JA%wt#?I'tZNIT%x! lBOG%e  ?y\z$ffT澘.$&Β˽~[lGE䜠d/n2t e^gVq9ɰ+΄̔T1Nt*$lINƜ6r7z%a| QX볔/[!SRxU裣jQ^.\kX-ݨT'TAۓ`Gb/iό̌y9I%|%~;CjLٔK @J:r8~ p'xEʿK*mTOZ^Z"4H2 1o۶mzݡ|ShSŭ|z 00'C,_fȠBN2nݺ+r: \YIN ĭ[%l{^p^FYz7&LDoIL2a%i?o?{I_ 3MB-QCA뾰HTW9d,.XCI\==rvp^A{@@>8h%Q4XM8qafj' %W2O"&n]ڲ{5dHNIIˎ>$3zSh-%&j$-w-{y3*I0x$cX jtW yUS^ A TZxjܩ_Y+r嵎.]˰I=\ pdpb J1VBDS6Bl(wuT1Ž?nӨmWuή,HiۚĮ){Ϛ%LH߽LcGhj X^C:#2_?ϙpE#Mr|.d&^i3!q '#M'8?RKmTQu:eqD w3g+tj ph{oSISVU' !~ ̡#N6~ϓX\$y|*NC}$I|l5郄lSʝlGh ~y2-u gRӖs83+b)p-.弚 3,|K,kfrejBӡr.@IT;1PF JuKTeϒ(QaT+SvB ׺/ #[w m G/Gp*!*0/R`)ĥ_1'cl֊1"jH\T/>2rG8J 5N A|Ob˭T%V#!(ef\%|.^%ށr"8@Y| $$ QZl={D؉4MK7>gJѓdxDҡ$!1]@]R^mR)J@j|ʂ.^4 ؅d8xGiwJ,- Fb'ZйN`F c呍罠3Km逇1MrIty19ndHHbI,O%0WgOUc#yHۊܫb&';AWq&S_ʨ쬼nf%&I,LL& J|Od)AJ޲gW5~%&j,NƤ+`^q \TCX1S~RyɃYd> [ sf>aъSZ(?U|`T%f!Caʯ1.)0ǡ v!Vgi3_B#TG@R>-槗^塗KVвclL>wL&efLN c,JkFl cz "wBƟ_c`Yٯq>: mE>UPs;H5inTm' 7Ơ0|ϨMjVڒJT@ܑd=w 3m(4i5qAccG#+[: 3үJ.c]bqcYHjQJKld?mLQ̉M!Kxi~6feV]IÒ+RC!U=rwW *CܜO2]ä.1^S$9f.ғ?Qbp!kO/98E(kQ kK3”q|QgV|eTDbUIy8'd&՞Xg&bRGlvh)'1TRD&VF"LyD6;MO%Wx+O|tFBw`XxjTKgaj~J rޘ_GQ"W1sʔOF{ʜUBM/UJLˎ#/gO6ߴ%e3u!Pԁ:0GG` Nz(l=r1bB yp$/B`@+0b!7O$Rn!{M$$)hD( c3gB[B_$gR-NmmƞS񟏋B~B#: '~⣘zS8@,kddnr!"i H$Eqɩ %]* 8¯j#8@µ4G;obLz2߭ħ2㪿Rv Â-y۫ZlC"1r3#bڳ{O}Bm*2GX`Dzƾm}m|+PT1}den39(9{8@A/'G >B1.6QAC*YIetGshSṲ91f/8@"Ц'SۉW#eZ;v{Gp飶&:Le#8@%\j7UY5DoppC* rGpj#!Uً8WJ#8@%\j迱k\ pG z^բ!NyՎ%"GpbEL&-opZ4zeu"Ghs\j⹾Ɗ_j}ތ#8#rUgI:gk/Gp\պ9Gšm7lk]ޒ#8mUL׎i:%Gp"F媖Ξ{=R1Ghg\jkd-svF媖I*Vo)ޘ#9.Wt{nQuZ78mU@=zqGpգGujн=Ghs\j:0{vop6w'pG ]wݥKl x)qG(?r`Gpp^9y#8]Ϋ|8#ĎGsGp^spG vW>BN#8*#8#*rGpWpGb,y~p9#l6X{#d X:wݽkKW.-q9s@ۓ{Xl8^^5؎d 2p͊7\x#u0^{rrl`9=#lz\{U]ݛ~NxG 8xyU=Y8#X\{Uq ps퍗WcUN#8E ε7^^'ooG 8xyU=Y8#X\{Uq ps퍗WcUN#8E ε7^^'ooG 8xyU=Y8#X\{Uq ps퍗WcUN#8E ε7^^'ooG 8xyU=Y8#X\{Uq ps퍗WcUN#8E ε7^^'ooG 8xyUjs>7w5ɲMp?]GYj(Ṅ3{lm]|kmx#~ae(GK'YkVK믭H /TEoR?-̺&DU`VsjU===Pp#c.[;wu])?̑fj5|fh :^{d7SG|zC_~`ʔ胣kͫzMQil5Q qU8uMm5|u-]hB|eGa*#HF{M}_\\DH3=|8k2ў{V0Slͪ訩^/Q9!Uq&͞?a , M6]]WxRlQS i4L4#:WG=7\sv6ct-\|kOfI;Cba5< c\j*\A Wp(I/zϚ̃ m&.z)HɚŘc?(-p ýȓD*t(a47 Fˌ͙W5:k D8VS[hl:L|.aVU}2ǟ iYӊD+̯V ,~4Z : ĩ T]2CՀWH?-tc&FjxgB#Vg.!8zp?ESs?Bp73ߑDܡ_+ң<.Ul9D s2M }Y}IϮ͖9(êیYgܙIA;P@˓/OLWSvUJg+չ@.z3鞲ZM{ K4yϘtڣf)cƌQ1y?Z^-i?7#zdwfeqiݐɎ! ^ښ仞rUGavm5)>fɏsdN* J*k.2+>ts؄F%?_N0}}}*cÍ,ybs4% ]eQvIg:F^nq"|43wq!}zI[m$OWrLZyϞyKVͺN]`ƢTEa  5)1MsEa~v~h 5N_Fz\{^Q^Wm6Rpq,yI(+=k>kg3 v~$9SvuzLjLk XSTGXXh3KlN3{`f]w$Toq4cXYFe˴1VgJ`EH6W^]%=s,hؔV!(ƕ$A^ḫ/'7o0e:_ /7{H^u0].mE9JsIv3Qx1oZpDX]#XaҘA=#?: 0S4{Jg<9+#!IAjvO~=V(e !Ow5 3|iY^8ܨ,JJ}:(*+/Imc8y{LYbvݹʫtxڣOD%;S|Q"U4RBFA&qwdq:jZ;m*aCVјf\Zi.[bFYlٯVi%3^>Y#*XYHyzODU(AB>|_MY Uq9R*ٝ V.U~gR0 ??m rp5<wk7+`y 60GehDY3HJs]Oe҃_tLK="1/]Y)?PvJ{ط_K9|գTYp}kb3B˞uBh]V:Pc>['^3'}&ҳ+^DN60Fkhv=`?/'ߘj4Ls4(^͖1n޽x}jOlyrið^ɰQ9 :@sf#'v2]=#\.*<*;#>zTU0Gic7 Geth qHALyi ?.e1GkáڕOdv\9IT;]Bc/g$gF駳b HE D60l[{t=88#"36vֲoE6-7M/W?R|v:jH5y(op8a:/';֛;䎽ԀeHayVD4p?fv^ӽ@Hh_JeIO!;˯|-v2ZOH9E<-} )K,R3%ak"yd.y}2g=s74+ jJR(C Qeβe /,Cghl5Ts[ ;86"My^RcYJKegW~,Lnns=U1Oіf*0ܡyxl/"Yx)%E+6nEqlpWrA-CNDnˮ ixω N g>-sԻU~uknUc db فoƌfL.0esE5c_-,A)y20`:\Sz5xde} IהrKܬoՊr׾-x%5m}ٙd^8T*TS^Ni` \^^nJd")H:<;oyꢉ<:u7oScyQ"JeK< 0<`}綆~we4ξꬷ*U$W|ZtjVIIIHSog]dtÑT;0h ucw[_|z$欷)Ͼ?Rgme~b+Mdݥ4_!:L7hښ;ں~_xZ9}%W~.N BxCoD_FdAF*2Sd/Mx12_Eˁ+#7E%D|9R]IYs}wc;s|ʷ+{{K3/D4u^;n_Ga e~7bcxܝ-9aG6E T`H-d~{\-j*cM 红@5~86w] { :/Zv8pm ug:&86Pu6GtEY'T78}鲛xs d7NGpQn]Ԣ:MxedN2* 8בAgQ-ceUȘ r6PbXYWe;bNCw{TY!wKqjj1O#cnfyN-cʈǚЁ6Ipք.P:UCtcfgxp""tb Ș[PnWAuJGy4!o5=|JuGȪ#q:6?sp>$>{ c1Ƈё1gYFY^ :6ʉցږ:fCtl@OGpQmԢ:sxؼ؋|TJi{H-/Rُӑ,xJ6gʵȘ%>7zZ_pN>xO.~s&ȿŏ 0qXDGJ5I-c8'fxxl&94%of|C ُӱ.-?On c1Itd|,Sbɧgizn`Ufz2[Lُӱ3-T3i9Xj1:;GeFY^]7'}Wx=sm lĸ3xcekԱ&JךQA~mR+~'xsWRWFrK{eeK>mο3N-N}"}-/4/ԝ%WOi$yDITX%rS>sp(7&jQl9y-qmg 3up)#;ُ ybiOP-c1It|VzLu ӌǽ.Ť{T}Բ~ 6~>,l#Q-c16g{Ș­:(7k;(|XE 缪@SR'd"q:~%s88_Q+e,`?p绕7Ԣ:sic}b1c1Њ1;9|:֡ۂS:pցX~pk-Au ӌ%:  n.Y3d?Nk$zs k`a,`?HtU^:silρlh6KMُ.5E}f,`?wIN(7˫3c8'f<z{# KFtKh`a,`?pk#<`_pN>x<$9w,!耇`=խ!k98r:X2t|9y嵗Lu ӌh߱wHkcRJ~#8 X~ $5*Fu ӌGn7Y;Tvtrntk8MI0c4up{(7˫_1c8'fm A9[SwHNN4\T*M5Pd8}Y58i8j1ϵOӑ1nfyM1_БOcδul wtSxw9c;tר5 ُqB-TX3喉tpJ:si#H;mPLُ/`/ j1O#c&Zr1O3y|O dl 1 &056vrntS] ivX&ґ1/nAY^Pl945!n oxXIُq$ H# 熌uFȘ+#FY^`Ql94LJ'lh&třꖐuDtM3۠  c1Itdr,Ql94EZ1>ӴE/TYd?NghOqn *ܞ0Z1O3Ƚ4!?=@uNGt NZn'l6u SHǝrv)|>ifgHO3$\MuO@t,<)X c1ItdL(7 _pN>x;=>* w6N-<S1Pl{ cɔ$ұ5}>NxJ:si/Fsg<"Ov8ZW82'qmQn dc8'f<.1~\ p.Gv6c88xX~Kn^Lu ӌI{܁S287Ӳ l2'ё1 r^ĥFu ӌdl?|x>~~~iٵ8b _/q,7__pN>xl F4b̙Aꖑُӱz`cS=b X]odm(Fu ӌn4  nz[CvcL7/3pp|tdMP^mF}s񑎗_xmBh~Рp;`oS1LaHjiZpN(͖dmlX<ŹԴK\9yw1yrYg]y (gw0:} }-<6í&+Jp+jZ!q^/9[M[j1ϵOzyfyZ_pN7~CGt8 6Q~7?as7s$:$#ϐ\fybɧ$OE82v6Dǧ$?`[n*l_pN>xG 'M 9}p.O?Dt.usp9pe\d?yX}b1O3y|~_Ř3ه[AtV)7 c1Itd2(7(1O3yܣsͱ?6dap-.8hzarD:s}hULu ӌIhD g'T8E\$ZZZ|0֤LD:2i,Ql94qܓ%fsEspT+8K>:)0'ё1 FY^pQl94qv^R1%~Uo~%f98bHX~7J<2UFY^(_pN>x|W=M/⻸^%n:8{q݆$:w~/C-7kWl94㱎kGs#d8LJ0k c1ItdUM(*:si#c*wЊ1gb砌^$'d?N^+wvp!Xl1'ё1_neFY^̓b#/?^ݹw`K; .ȶRU&<0* 3UrÜ˝qʻ Zb ײQ>mʄ+-ߋEO췦U9 '/&jtFCWx3ƜccL8X,_ty"}Gq*=nށ'I;q:.wpj1O#cnrSb7^]$՜Tz|P+;#>]1P/H'q>en߁r1o:ׂ_J_ 5|M}g?NǏe,/Mjؙ~?gAl:B-cxuu1}G"u ,rrnt1EN!-WH8EYtd@UfyU_t8Ͻdc h苣a8adh'WOG;8rqo" 65 1o:I S NO%;ُq"رftp&B?wc1Itdۅ/@Y^vPlƫg!87YRُ1 cC|ⅱ$:>&~ zQuL8;dl5_%[x~| X< Vx1O#c.nK@Y^/"Plƫ#G1G88d?NGNF  /`,`?ƀrQ:WWG~4'/N.¦N.-%2^‹.bZyrwtdEm)(7˫b7^]ǣ}l"M{8Yz"$88hQx50Lyp"hPnhgPlƫ#3t鐊1g,ád"q:NE{NLT™!~spu'1o:nA{\JgX؊א At\G ׁSux뀱$:8dncAY^)_t𻑇h:b̙axg!I6ُq7cOqvb 6b7^]k]Z4=ñF0j7]}U`,`?36?1o: jh:B.Cp/ٕ~<L;qclb Ș3,&LP4Wuќ_ki+1mii&v"WE;E;E1Ҏ&~ ӑ#%voap|W9;M?3\o|w[m+Ʊ+/o&V9Ϋg7th* ;ر-s.//{ϙ:u+ ;2g4}r}-o'C`.{}М2I;          #    ,            5  R3#Service control+resource allocation8    Decentralized economic coordination Price generation and negotiation Trading resources and services Regulation of supply and demand in large and complex systems Catallaxy8  #  :"Catallaxy Basics (1)    Catallaxy is an alternative word for  market economy (Mises and Von Hayek of the Neo-austrian economic school)  Fundamentally, in a system in which the knowledge of the relevant facts is dispersed among many people, prices can act to co-ordinate the separate actions of different people in the same way as subjective values help the individual to co-ordinate the parts of his plan. (Friedrich A. von Hayek, The Use of Knowledge in Society, 1945)  The Market as a technically decentralized, distributed, dynamic coordination mechanism Adam Smith s  invisible hand Hayek s  spontaneous order Walras  non-ttonnement process ~Z\ZZZ5;@Y\  .       4           >&1How does Catallaxy avoid chaos and achieve order?22$l Spontaneous order of the participants  Unplanned result of individuals' planful actions (Hayek) Constitutive Elements of the Catallaxy Access to a Market Knowledge about scarceness of resources is transported through price information Constitutional Ignorance Self-interest and autonomy of participants Ability to choose between alternative actions &Z;Z(ZZQZrZZ&;(  Q  r                   Institutions and Evolution "Institutions are frictions which, like frictions in mechanical systems, by restricting movement may make controlled movement possible. (Loasby 2000, p. 299). Implementation of Norms, Rules, Objects Learning Dynamic Co-Evolution Income expectations and price relations stabilize development vZZ ZTZZ T     9    A)`Catallactic Information Systems  Internal model11$$  Self-Interest Individual goals of the agent can be formalized (e.g. profit maximization) Agent attempts to prognose future world state Actions effect environmental state in order to achieve goals Choice Agent can choose between diverse alternatives Agent can rank alternatives according to prognosed goal approximation Environment is worth-oriented domain (cf. Rosenschein/Zlotkin) Constitutional Ignorance No agent can exactly prognose a future market state ( future is blind ) No agent can exactly prognose a  best strategy (always historically bound) You never step twice in the same river (Heraklit) Strategy is sophisticated trial and error procedure at best Requires adaptive and learning strategy Learning procedures are based on subjective past experiencesPPPPPP2PP  '                      B*(Consequences for Application Development))$H   Application must be a Worth-Oriented Domain Application Domain needs common value denominator (money) Requires  money vs. Goods exchange However: if the application domain already uses money, it can be directly modelled (,,    E-(Consequences for Application Development))$H   Agent-based solution is always inferior to analytical optimization Catallaxy is inverse scalable Works better, the larger the network is Information The more information is available, the more accurate are the choices The more agents, the more information exists Computation Computation is fully parallel (no central bottleneck) Solution always exists in the system (no non-allocated resource) aP(P PrP PxPa( r   xO          *What we could expect?(  ZCatallaxis good for certain situations: Load balancing Large systems: inherent cost of global/up-to-date state information for resource allocation where autonomous and decentralized algorithms work well Adaptive to changes: in demand, topology, location and number of resources evolutionary learningself-organisation (specially for non-uniform systems with  hot spots ) Centralized/de-centralized systems may have oscillatory behaviour  constitutional ignorance Centralized: tragedy of state info overload with scale; Decentralized: tragedy of commons(M(k8L^Bv                                   @                                                                      7!Catallactic Information systems (T       4The Catnet network simulatorT       Client: computer program at host, requests service Service Copy: instance of service, hosted in a resource computer Resource: host computer with limited storage and bandwidth            0    We are measuring...8     Social Welfare: the sum of all utilities over all participants in a given timespan. Utility = Benefit - Cost, basic utility function per participant. Resource Allocation Efficiency (RAE): [Marketing] "fill rate", the ratio of matched transactions divided by the number of all proposals. (#"accepts /#"proposals ) Comm.Cost= #messages * #hops Response timebTB&}+TB&} +J  D           &Our goal: compare baseline/CatallacticT        Quasi-static Very dynamic Low node density High node density Dynamics: change: %node disconnection time (SC?) Node density: many small nodes / few large nodes6=11=b  ?             5Message Flows (Baseline)T      6 Message Flows (Catallactic)T      ' Scenarios   Appropiate scale: 10th or 100th or 1000th nodes & Change (dynamics): Movement / failure, creation (R) Change of demand (C) Location of demand (which clients) Characteristics (many, including temporal distribution) Density: Fragmentation of resource capabilities Same global amount of resources: P2Pmany small PC, CDNfew large serversFP6P[P P'PJPF6[  '$                                                                          (Demand  XFrom several clients At the same time, at different times Requests with different price/priority Rate: #requests/second distribution in time, space. Deterministic, random$x"0                                             1  M/ Ongoing work8     N0 Conclusions   Initial simulation results prove that a decentralized, economic model works better in certain situations.  Better is a combination of factors (SWF) Promising: Large scale Dynamic Saturation Resource allocationVj+ 3j+ 3  h                                            /G- ` @EoOV` @Eff؂o` MMMwww` 33f3Ƨgzf` 3ffE` JH3f̙ff` 33̙fRP` =bf>?" dd@,?wnd@ n< w_@nA``< n?" dd@   @@``PP   @ ` ` p>> ?(7(CC'(  !T   "b  # " \   "B  HDA "B  HDA "B  HDA "@@B  HDA "B   HDA "B   HDA "B   HDA "@@B   HDA "B   HDA "B  HDA "B  HDA "@@B  HDA "  B  HDA "  B  HDA "  B  HDA "@ @ B  HDA "  B  HDA "  B  HDA "  B  HDA "@@B  HDA "B  HDA "B  HDA "z\   "B  HDA "B  HDA "B  HDA "@@B  HDA "B   HDA "B ! HDA "B " HDA "@@B # HDA "B $ HDA "B % HDA "B & HDA "@@B ' HDA " B ( HDA " B ) HDA " B * HDA "@ @ B + HDA " B , HDA " B - HDA " B . HDA "@@B / HDA "B 0 HDA "B 1 HDA "B 2 HDA "@@B 3 HDA "B 4 HDA "B 5 HDA "B 6 HDA "@@B 7 HDA "B 8 HDA " 9 # t?A?60%"@`tB : 6D"tb `  ;# "|i4 tB <B 6D"`  tB = 6D"PP 2 >B  BCENGGHʲI[TQ zR(VzR(V[T`TzR(V[T`T" ? 6L "  a-Klicken Sie, um das Titelformat zu bearbeiten. .  @   Rectangle: Click to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level"0  pKlicken Sie, um die Formate des Vorlagentextes zu bearbeiten Zweite Ebene Dritte Ebene Vierte Ebene Fnfte Ebene=     q A 6( "``  \* B 6̌ "`   ^* C 6( "`   ^*H  0޽h ?> @Eff؂o___PPT92p22 Blaupause*  **@G